NCJ Number
93233
Date Published
1984
Length
126 pages
Annotation
This report discusses genetic markers in human blood and focuses on the grouping of blood stains for antigens of the Rh, MNSs, Kell, Duffy, and Kidd blood group systems, and the Gm and Km serum group systems.
Abstract
Blood group antibodies and agglutination are addressed, and the various techniques used in blood group serology, including titration, titration scores, and elution, are examined. Different ways of performing these techniques are explored, and the four stages in the absorption- elution technique -absorption stage, washing stage, elution and detection stage, and optimization of absorption-elution variables -- are described. Problems associated with blood stain MN grouping that are attributable to biochemical similarities in certain red cell sialoglycoproteins are identified; MN antigens and antisera are discussed. The development of the Rh grouping in blood stains is traced, and the general procedure for evaluating Rh antisera is examined. The S and s antigens, both of which are controlled by an allelic pair of genes closely linked to the MN locus, are characterized, as are the Kell, Duffy, and Kidd Systems; procedures followed in evaluating the Ss, Kell, Duffy, and Kidd antisera are delineated. Finally, the Gm and Km systems are discussed; serological methods for Gm and Km typing are described, and Gm/Km typing in bloodstains on various substrata, including muslin, wool, linen, and glass, is considered. Fifty-two tables and approximately 175 references are included, as are 3 appendixes.