The theory posits that police departments with a legalistic style tend to generate policies of proactive patrol (e.g., high traffic citation rate and frequent stops of suspicious or disorderly persons), which in turn may decrease crime rates either (1) indirectly, by increasing the probability of arrest or (2) directly, by decreasing the crime rate through a deterrent effect regarding perceived threat of social control. The authors tested both these propositions in an examination of robbery rates in 171 American cities in 1980. Overall, the major results suggest that proactive policing has direct inverse effects on aggregate robbery rates, independent of known determinants crime (e.g. poverty, inequality, region, and family disruption). Moreover, when the robbery rate is demographically disaggregated, the direct inverse effect of aggressive policing on robbery is largest for adult offenders and black offenders. The authors examine the reasons for these findings and discuss their theoretical and policy implications. Tabular data. (Publisher abstract modified)
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