NCJ Number
243580
Journal
Journal of Crime and Justice Volume: 36 Issue: 2 Dated: July 2013 Pages: 194-232
Date Published
July 2013
Length
39 pages
Annotation
Using Marx and Engels' work on surplus populations, the authors develop a theory to explain differences in increased punitiveness in social control of the poor.
Abstract
Using Marx and Engels' work on surplus populations, the authors develop a theory to explain differences in increased punitiveness in social control of the poor. The authors argue that the primary condition of existence for punitiveness is a surplus population that is large or growing, is made up of stagnant, pauper, and 'dangerous classes' forms, is other than the dominant racial/ethnic group, and is perceived to pose a threat. Under such conditions, penal strategies will be harsh and punitive with an emphasis on deterrence and incapacitation. When these conditions hold and are coupled with a weak working class, social welfare will receive less priority, benefits will be more stingy, the distribution of benefits will be biased toward the 'deserving poor,' and the form of assistance and consumption of aid recipients will be strongly targeted and regulated by the state. The authors then offer an analysis of surplus populations in two very similar countries, Finland and the Netherlands, that they argue explains observed differences in punitive trends in penalty and social welfare. The study conclude with the implications of the authors work for understanding similarities and differences in punitiveness across countries, as well as outline a research agenda for further development of our theory of the control of surplus populations. Abstract published by arrangement with Taylor and Francis.