Forensic science must be completely objective and reliable due to its involvement in judicial systems. In 2009 the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) published a report outlining the current state of forensic science in the U.S., including the most prominent issues being faced and the necessary changes that should be made. Raman and infrared (IR) spectroscopy are becoming increasingly more popular in forensic science due to their nondestructive, rapid, quantitative, and confirmatory analysis. These qualities, along with their automated capabilities and incorporation of statistical confidence levels via chemometric data analysis, make Raman and IR spectroscopy model forensic techniques according to the requirements outlined by the NAS. In this chapter, vibrational spectroscopic developments made since 2012 in the forensic areas of trace evidence (e.g., gunshot residue, hairs, fibers, paint, and inks), serology (i.e. body fluids), anthropology, controlled substances, and counterterrorism/homeland security (e.g., explosives, and chemical/biological agents) are discussed.
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