U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government, Department of Justice.

NCJRS Virtual Library

The Virtual Library houses over 235,000 criminal justice resources, including all known OJP works.
Click here to search the NCJRS Virtual Library

Craniofacial Asymmetry as a Marker of Socioeconomic Status Among Undocumented Mexican Immigrants in the United States

NCJ Number
253442
Journal
Economics & Human Biology Volume: 29 Dated: May 2018 Pages: 122-127
Author(s)
Katherine E. Weisensee; M. Katherine Spradley
Date Published
May 2018
Length
6 pages
Annotation

This study examined levels of fluctuating craniofacial asymmetry (FA) in Mexican residents, U.S. residents, and undocumented border crossers (UBCs) from Mexico to the United States.

Abstract

Craniofacial structures develop symmetrically under ideal circumstances; however, during periods of developmental stress, random deviations from perfect symmetry, or FA, can occur. The current study hypothesized that the UBC sample would represent individuals of a lower socioeconomic status (SES) who experienced higher stress levels during development, and that these individuals would consequently have higher levels of FA. Three-dimensional cranial landmarks were collected from 509 individuals representing the three resident groups. Geometric morphometric methods were used to calculate an FA score for each individual. The FA score provides a distance measure that is a scalar measure of the magnitude of FA in each individual. The results show that the difference in the means of the FA scores between UBCs and U.S. residents is 0.43 (p equals 0.02), with UBCs showing significantly higher levels of FA compared to U.S. residents. Moreover, Mexican residents' FA levels are intermediate between and not significantly different from the other two samples. These results suggest that levels of FA may prove useful for reconstructing individuals' social and economic circumstances, and that craniofacial asymmetry provides a suitable biological marker for analyzing differences in SES among different groups. (publisher abstract modified)