The chemical characteristics of the smokeless powders were encoded using the most intense ions in their total ion spectra from gas chromatography-electron ionization-mass spectrometry (GC-EI-MS), which were previously determined from agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis. Physical characteristics included as network nodes were the average kernel diameter and length, shape, color, luster, absence/presence of a bias cut and absence/presence of a perforation, which are commonly considered in casework. A Bayesian network was compiled using R code, written in-house. Performance of the network was validated by 100 iterations of stratified cross validation, withholding 10 percent of the data for testing and using the remaining 90 percent of the data to develop probability tables for the network. Posterior probabilities of the powder manufacturers were calculated for each test sample, and manufacturer inferences were made based on the highest posterior probability. The sensitivity and specificity of the fully instantiated network was examined for each manufacturer. Other performance metrics, including the positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV), which take into account the prevalence of each manufacturer, were also examined. The PPV ranged from 0.59 to 0.81 for individual manufacturers when all nodes of the network were instantiated. The NPV for fully instantiated networks ranged from 0.82 to 0.99 for individual manufacturers. (Publisher abstract modified)
Downloads
Similar Publications
- The Effect of Ultraviolet Radiation on Dyed Man-Made Textile Fibers Using UV-Vis Microspectrophotometry (MSP): Technical Aspects on Spectral Alterations in Time
- Subadult Age Estimation Using the Mixed Cumulative Probit and a Contemporary United States Population
- State and Local Law Enforcement Training Academies’ Training Topics and Instructors, 2022