A method of differential sampling is described that is suitable for separation of loosely, moderately and tightly held particles on footwear. Separation and study of these fractions can help in the investigation of fundamental aspects of particle adhesion, retention and loss on contact surfaces. Loosely held particles were removed by walking on paper, moderately held particles were removed by electrostatic lifting, and the most tightly held particles were removed by moist swabbing. Clear divisions among these fractions were achieved by repeating each sampling step (walking or electrostatic lifting) until virtually no additional particles were collected by that method. Twelve walking steps on butcher paper were found to be sufficient to remove the most loosely held particles and six subsequent steps on an electrostatic lifter were found to be sufficient to remove moderately held particles. Particles from each of these fractions were collected using a moistened swab (applied to the butcher paper and electrostatic lifting film, respectively).
(Author abstract provided.)
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